Kita pernah membicarakan mengenai sebuah hadith berkenaan dengan fadhilat surah Yasin yang di sahihkan oleh Ibn Hibban dimana mereka yang membaca surah tersebut pada malam hari dengan penuh pengharapan kepada Allah swt, Allah swt akan mengampunkan dosanya yang lalu. Selain dari mengharapkan pengampunan dari Allah, surah Yasin ini sangat popular dibaca dikala menziarahi jenazah.
Dirumah yang berlakunya kematian, kelihatan disediakan pelbagai bentuk buku yang terkandung surah Yasin untuk tetamu yang berkeinginan membacanya, Dalil yang mereka ambil adalah hari hadith berikut, Sabda Nabi :saw :-
اقرأوا على موتاكم يس
“Bacalah kepada mereka yang mati surah Yasin”
Hadith ini dikeluarkan oleh al-Nasaaie, didalam “bab apa yang [perlu] dibacakan keatas orang mati”, kata beliau : telah dikhabarkan kepadaku Mahmud, bin Khalid, telah berkata : telah dikhabarkan kepada kami al-Walid, telah berkata : telah dikhabarkan kepada ku Abdullah bin Mubarak, dari Sulaiman al Tamimii, dari Abu Uthman, dari Ma’qil bin Yasaar, telah beliau nyatakan didalam al-Sunan al-Kubra didalam Kitab amalan siang dan malam.
Hadith ini telah dikeluarkan oleh Ibn Hibban didalam Sahihnya al-Ihsan, didalam kitab al-Janaaiz dari periwayatan Yahya al-Qathaan, dari Sulaiman al-Tamimii. Hadith ini juga telah dikeluarkan oleh Ibn Majah dan Abu Daud.
Menurut Ibn Hibban, hadith ini sahih disisi beliau oleh kerana semua periwayatnya adalah thiqaat (dipercayai), melainkan Abu Uthman. Ibn Hajar didalam al-Talkhis al-Habir (2/110) menyebut, Ibn al-Qathaan menyatakan bahawa hadith ini bermasalah dan mawquf, disebabkan status Abu Uthman dan bapanya tidak diketahui. Abu Bakar Ibn al-‘Arabi sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan oleh al-Daaraqutni menyatakan hadith ini isnaadnya dhaef. Matannya tidak diketahui dan tidak terdapat hadith sahih didalam bab ini.
Menurut pandangan Ibnu Utsaimin, bagi mereka yang mengatakan status hadith ini sahih, maka membaca surah Yasin adalah sunnah, dan bagi mereka yang mengatakan status hadith ini lemah (dhaef), maka perbuatan tersebut bukan sunnah [Fatawa Ibn Utsaimin, 17/72].
Persoalan disini adalah, apakah amalan membaca Yasin ini dilakukan keatas orang yang sudah mati atau ketika nazak? Jumhur ulama’ mengatakan adalah mustahab(digalakkan) membaca surah Yasin ketika berdepan dengan orang yang sedang nazak. Kenyataan ini diperkuatkan oleh riwayat Safwaan yang diambil dari Musnad Imam Ahmad Ahmad (4/105) :
“Safwaan berkata : Syeikh memberitahuku bahawa sesungguhnya mereka telah hadir bersama Ghudaif ibn al-Haarith al-Thumaali (seorang sahabat) ketika kematiannya memuncak. Dia berkata : Adakah salah seorang dikalangan kamu boleh membaca Yasin? Saalih ibn Shuraih al-Sakuuni membacanya dan tatkala sampai pada ayat 40, dia telah meninggal dunia. Syeikh pernah berkata : jika dibaca disisi orang yang sedang nazak, maka [nazaknya[ diringankan. Berkata Safwaan : Isa ibn al-Mu’tamari membacanya diisisi Ibn Ma’bad.”
Ibn Hajar didalam al-Isaabah [5/190] berkata Isnaadnya Hasan. Kesahihan sanadnya dilihat dari Ghudaif Ibn Haarith, dan kesemua rijal itu thiqaat. Berkata al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir, beberapa ulama’ pernah mengatakan, diantara perkara khusus surah ini adalah tidak dibaca melainkan perkara-perkara berat dipermudahkan oleh Allah swt, dan apabila dibaca disisi orang yang sedang nazak maka diturunkan rahmat dan barakah, dan dipermudahkan keluarnya roh [Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 3/563].
Dikalangan ulama’ yang berpendapat mustahab membaca surah Yasin kepada mereka yang sedang Nazak termasuklah Ibn Taimiyah (al-Ikhtiyaaraat, ms. 91). Surah Yasin membicarakan tentang Tauhid dan kebangkitan, janji-janji syurga kepada mereka yang beriman sebagaimana firman Allah :
قِيلَ ادْخُلِ الْجَنَّةَ قَالَ يَا لَيْتَ قَوْمِي يَعْلَمُونَ . بِمَا غَفَرَ لِي رَبِّي وَجَعَلَنِي مِنَ الْمُكْرَمِينَ .
“(Setelah ia mati) lalu dikatakan kepadanya: "Masuklah ke dalam Syurga". Ia berkata; "Alangkah baiknya kalau kaumku mengetahui -Tentang perkara yang menyebabkan daku diampunkan oleh Tuhanku, serta dijadikannya daku dari orang-orang yang dimuliakan".[Surah Yasin :26-27]. Maka roh tersebut tenteram selepas mendengarnya dan menjadikan ia mudah keluar.
Dua riwayat diatas memberikan dua kesimpulan :
a. Bacaan Yasin digalakkan di baca keatas orang yang sedang menghadapi kematian menurut jumhur Imam Mazhab Fiqh. Amalan tersebut bukanlah bid’ah, akan tetapi ia merupakan perkara yang dikhilafkan.
b. Amalan membaca Yasin kepada orang yang hampir mati dikalangan masyarakat Nusantara bukanlah perkara agama yang diada-adakan, akan tetapi merupakan warisan dari ulama’ terdahulu.
Penulisan ustaz kamin al-ahkam.net
الساهد في سبيل لله
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Tuesday, October 11, 2011
pengalaman bidang hutan
assalam
Pengalaman di hutan bermula sewaktu belajar ijazah pengurusan hutan di UPM (usia 20 tahun) sejak 20 tahun lalu...bermula di fakulti hutan UPM sehingga kini...usia 41 tahun
1. Hutan gunung Angsi negeri sembilan
2. Hutan ladang sungai sam di jalan dari kuala krai menuju gua musang dekat kampung la’loh...ladang acacia mangium.waktun praktikal dengan jabatan hutan negeri kelantan darul naim
3. Hutan anak sungai nenggiri
4. Hutan anak sungai galas dekat dengan kampung limau kasturi
5. Hutan simpan air hitam di selangor darul ehsan
6. Hutan di sungai congkak trekking sehingga sampai di kemenshah Ampang.sewaktu praktikal dengan jabatan hutan negeri selangor di usia 23 tahun.
7. Hutan di cenulang dekat sungai durian kuala krai.sewaktu latihan taktik conventional warfare dan sewaktu bertugas dengan general lumber fabricators and builders berhad bersama assistant manager Ahmad ishak dan salman saaban
8. Hutan di banjaran crocker di sungai ulu padas 1.2 million acre dekat kampung ore murut ulu tomani. sewaktu bertugas dengan general lumber fabricators and builder berhad...senior manager nama abdul rashid marzuki, GMD bernama tuan haji abdul wahhab. pejabat di sabah di batu 3 jalan nabawan ke kalabakan pensinganan...danada satu pejabat di karamunsing. Puak makan rasuah nama dennis...abdul wahhab muhamad forestry executive sahabat saya label kan dennis the firaun.
9. Hutan simpan tekai tembeling_praktikal sewaktu belajar ijazah sains hutan di fakulti hutan upm serdang dengan jabatan hutan negeri phg darul makmur_contractor lion west company yang jalankan logging operation_saya jalankan tugas tree marking dengan ranjer jabatan hutan bukit sekilau kuatan phg darul makmur seperti ranjer salam, ranjer hanafiah dll, thank u ranger bukit sekilau yang telah mengajar saya hal hutan bukit dan herba
10. Hutan simpan dekat selancar, cenderawasih
11. Hutan taman negeri endau rompin...trekking 7 hari redah hutan hingga tembus ikut ladang acacia mangium mersing johor
12. Hutan di endau kluang johor
13. Hutan di jeli kelate_sewaktu bertugas dengan general lumber fabricators and builder berhad milik Tuan haji Nik mahmud Nik hasan_saya masihningat namaseperti tuan haji wanmustafa ,abdul rashid marzuki org kedah, abu bakar darsi, salman saaban, matius abun , runai, herman, masuri, abe mukhtar, shazali anak abe mukhtar, fauzi, din pomen, Ahmad ishak, azlina, puan sarimah, shirin kaur, abdul wahab mohamad , GMD sabah tuan haji abdul wahab,...fauzi org tanah merah pernah ngajar ilmu mengenal kayu...
14. Trekking menjadi urusetia pertandingan eco_challange daki Gunung Tahan trekking hiking hingga ke Puncak Gunung Tahan pada akhir tahun 1999_ naik gunung tahan bersama salman saaban, yusuf sharif, abdul malik, sabaruddin mat qari...yang tak sampai puncak adalah haydar khan...kami yang sampai puncak gunung tahan telah bermale one night rest and sleep with peacefull...dapat lihat tasik kenyir dari puncak gunung tahan yang di pandu arah oleh sabaruddin mat qari...
15. Trekking untuk inventori Endau Rompin _Taman Negeri Johor
16. Trekking untuk inventori Rizab endau Kota Tinggi Timur dan western negeri Johor darul takzim
17. Base camp untuk inventori Taman Negara Kelate Darul Naim_encik yusuf sharif jadi ketua inventori- di sini temu moon rat_abdul rahim yang fasik telah bunuh moon rat...sedih tengok moon rat mati
18. Inventori rizab HL Sungkai Negeri Perak_ronda dan survey kampung org asli semai
19. Trekking untuk inventori rizab hl endau Kota Tinggi Johor
20. Trekking inventori hutan di Kuala Tahan Taman Negara Pahe_naik bot dan trekking
21. Trekking inventori di kawasan hutan belukar bukit_Taman Negara Tranung
22. Trekking inventori di kawasan Bi’wah di Tasik Kenyir Taman Negara Tranung_ pengalaman the best experience_air amat bersih kelas pertama di anak sungainya
23. Trekking di kawasan Tasik Empangan Temenggor Perak sehingga tiba di kampung ore asli Sungai Tiang Negeri Perak_ disini nampak tuan haji sahir berenang dari sangkar ikan ke sangkar ikan...ta’jub lihat kuat nya tuan haji sahir org negeri perak anak murid Allahyarham ustaz dahlan utara. Haji sahir telah bersara .tuan haji sahir adalah insan yang baik dan mudah minta bantuan...ramai ranjer dan staf sayang kepada haji sahir
24 hutan simpan dekat kaki gunung pergunungan ais pahe darul makmur ber hampiran dengan sungai Som. pergunungan ais ...satu gunung yang amat best...saya hanya sampai di kaki gunung...dukacita ada puak pembalak ambil kayu logging operation by tractor di hutan dekat kaki gunung hampir dengan sungai som...
*** Kebanyakan trekking melibatkan perjalanan 36-40km ambil masa seminggu lebih...10 hari
25.Ladang acacia mangium di kemasul pahe darul makmur...kini dengarnya nak tukar kepada pokok getah. Ni waktu praktikal dengan jabatan hutan negeri phg darul makmur sewaktu saya belajar ijazah sains perhutanan tahun 2di upm serdang. Usia saya 23 tahun
wallahu ‘alam
26.Sungai Tekala...dekat empangan semenyih
Pengalaman di hutan bermula sewaktu belajar ijazah pengurusan hutan di UPM (usia 20 tahun) sejak 20 tahun lalu...bermula di fakulti hutan UPM sehingga kini...usia 41 tahun
1. Hutan gunung Angsi negeri sembilan
2. Hutan ladang sungai sam di jalan dari kuala krai menuju gua musang dekat kampung la’loh...ladang acacia mangium.waktun praktikal dengan jabatan hutan negeri kelantan darul naim
3. Hutan anak sungai nenggiri
4. Hutan anak sungai galas dekat dengan kampung limau kasturi
5. Hutan simpan air hitam di selangor darul ehsan
6. Hutan di sungai congkak trekking sehingga sampai di kemenshah Ampang.sewaktu praktikal dengan jabatan hutan negeri selangor di usia 23 tahun.
7. Hutan di cenulang dekat sungai durian kuala krai.sewaktu latihan taktik conventional warfare dan sewaktu bertugas dengan general lumber fabricators and builders berhad bersama assistant manager Ahmad ishak dan salman saaban
8. Hutan di banjaran crocker di sungai ulu padas 1.2 million acre dekat kampung ore murut ulu tomani. sewaktu bertugas dengan general lumber fabricators and builder berhad...senior manager nama abdul rashid marzuki, GMD bernama tuan haji abdul wahhab. pejabat di sabah di batu 3 jalan nabawan ke kalabakan pensinganan...danada satu pejabat di karamunsing. Puak makan rasuah nama dennis...abdul wahhab muhamad forestry executive sahabat saya label kan dennis the firaun.
9. Hutan simpan tekai tembeling_praktikal sewaktu belajar ijazah sains hutan di fakulti hutan upm serdang dengan jabatan hutan negeri phg darul makmur_contractor lion west company yang jalankan logging operation_saya jalankan tugas tree marking dengan ranjer jabatan hutan bukit sekilau kuatan phg darul makmur seperti ranjer salam, ranjer hanafiah dll, thank u ranger bukit sekilau yang telah mengajar saya hal hutan bukit dan herba
10. Hutan simpan dekat selancar, cenderawasih
11. Hutan taman negeri endau rompin...trekking 7 hari redah hutan hingga tembus ikut ladang acacia mangium mersing johor
12. Hutan di endau kluang johor
13. Hutan di jeli kelate_sewaktu bertugas dengan general lumber fabricators and builder berhad milik Tuan haji Nik mahmud Nik hasan_saya masihningat namaseperti tuan haji wanmustafa ,abdul rashid marzuki org kedah, abu bakar darsi, salman saaban, matius abun , runai, herman, masuri, abe mukhtar, shazali anak abe mukhtar, fauzi, din pomen, Ahmad ishak, azlina, puan sarimah, shirin kaur, abdul wahab mohamad , GMD sabah tuan haji abdul wahab,...fauzi org tanah merah pernah ngajar ilmu mengenal kayu...
14. Trekking menjadi urusetia pertandingan eco_challange daki Gunung Tahan trekking hiking hingga ke Puncak Gunung Tahan pada akhir tahun 1999_ naik gunung tahan bersama salman saaban, yusuf sharif, abdul malik, sabaruddin mat qari...yang tak sampai puncak adalah haydar khan...kami yang sampai puncak gunung tahan telah bermale one night rest and sleep with peacefull...dapat lihat tasik kenyir dari puncak gunung tahan yang di pandu arah oleh sabaruddin mat qari...
15. Trekking untuk inventori Endau Rompin _Taman Negeri Johor
16. Trekking untuk inventori Rizab endau Kota Tinggi Timur dan western negeri Johor darul takzim
17. Base camp untuk inventori Taman Negara Kelate Darul Naim_encik yusuf sharif jadi ketua inventori- di sini temu moon rat_abdul rahim yang fasik telah bunuh moon rat...sedih tengok moon rat mati
18. Inventori rizab HL Sungkai Negeri Perak_ronda dan survey kampung org asli semai
19. Trekking untuk inventori rizab hl endau Kota Tinggi Johor
20. Trekking inventori hutan di Kuala Tahan Taman Negara Pahe_naik bot dan trekking
21. Trekking inventori di kawasan hutan belukar bukit_Taman Negara Tranung
22. Trekking inventori di kawasan Bi’wah di Tasik Kenyir Taman Negara Tranung_ pengalaman the best experience_air amat bersih kelas pertama di anak sungainya
23. Trekking di kawasan Tasik Empangan Temenggor Perak sehingga tiba di kampung ore asli Sungai Tiang Negeri Perak_ disini nampak tuan haji sahir berenang dari sangkar ikan ke sangkar ikan...ta’jub lihat kuat nya tuan haji sahir org negeri perak anak murid Allahyarham ustaz dahlan utara. Haji sahir telah bersara .tuan haji sahir adalah insan yang baik dan mudah minta bantuan...ramai ranjer dan staf sayang kepada haji sahir
24 hutan simpan dekat kaki gunung pergunungan ais pahe darul makmur ber hampiran dengan sungai Som. pergunungan ais ...satu gunung yang amat best...saya hanya sampai di kaki gunung...dukacita ada puak pembalak ambil kayu logging operation by tractor di hutan dekat kaki gunung hampir dengan sungai som...
*** Kebanyakan trekking melibatkan perjalanan 36-40km ambil masa seminggu lebih...10 hari
25.Ladang acacia mangium di kemasul pahe darul makmur...kini dengarnya nak tukar kepada pokok getah. Ni waktu praktikal dengan jabatan hutan negeri phg darul makmur sewaktu saya belajar ijazah sains perhutanan tahun 2di upm serdang. Usia saya 23 tahun
wallahu ‘alam
26.Sungai Tekala...dekat empangan semenyih
herb_11.10.2011
Climatic factors
Temperature
According to Richard 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that in the highland tropic, there is a steady decrease in ambient temperature with the increase in altitude. In the tropics, temperature decrease at the rate of 0.4 degree to 0.7 degree celcius per 100 meter increase in altitude. said However it varies with some factors which include the locality, season and air humidity refered to Dale 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994. Above 2500 meter , the rate decreases to 1.2 degree celcius per 300 meter rise. Temperature affects plant due to its influence on their growth processes and distribution.
According to burgess 1975 as cited in zahari haji ismail said that the native mountain plant may die when transferred to the lowlands. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis for such plants are lower than for respiration, as such the highl lowland ambient temperature which wxceeds optimal for photosynthesis, increases respiratiob rate, leading to wet depletion
Rainfall
According to wyatt-smith 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the topography plays an important role in determining the rainfall of an area. According to Richard 1964 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that maximum rainfall in tropical highlands occurs at altitudes where temperature is cold enough to the high mountains.
According to smith 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the rainfall reaches its maximum at the altitudes of 300 meter a.s.l. and betond this it decreases. As cited in Zahari ismail There must been some moisture stress occured on the ridges. Thus it is very difficult to find meranti seraya on the foot of hills due to the occurance of heavy rainfall and lacvk of regular drought.
Light and radiation
According to grubb and hitemore 1969 as cited in zahari haji smail 1994 said that the frequency of fog or cloud in the rainforest is the most vital factor determining the distribution of the formation of vegetation types in the mountains.
The light intensity at 180 meter a.s.l in coastal hill rainforest measured at the forest floor is around 2 percent (whitemore and wong 1969) as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994. While in kand hill forest is measured abaout 10 percent less sunshine than the plains (Burgess 1969). The increasing fog frequency decreases light inthesity, dampens the range of light intensities and generally exerts a moderating influence on the annual variation pattern of light intensity (Brown 1919) as cited in Zahari ismail 1994.
According to robinwith 1951 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the most important use of light by plant is for photosynthesis, and the average actively growing land plant use only about 1 percent of visible emission for photosynthesis.
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that light intensity available in the forest floor around highland rainforest stand is adequate for the growth of herbs.
Humidity
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 mention that the humidity increase with altitude up to the fog belt regions (Burgess, 1969). According to Richard 1964 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the condition on the mountain rain forest, has found the zone of maximum humidity and highly evaporation increases.
Wind
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the amount of air movement affects the rate of evaporation and thus minimizing the temperature in the forest stand (Burgess 1969). Expected an increase in wind speed with elevation (Burgess, 1975). According to smith 1965 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the highly wind speed occurs at the highly altitudes.
According to Richards 1964 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the both structure and floristic composition of the highland forests are partly determined by the wind speed and he suggested that wind may be one of the factors that cause the maximum drawfing of the vegetation on isolated peaks and ridges on highland and mountain forest.
Edaphic factors
a. Soil physical condition.
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 have written that there is a significantly relationship between plant composition and soil characteristics (Burgess 1975).
According to Richards 1964 as cited in Zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the soil at higher altitudes tend to be very shallow with thicker litter accumulation and contain bigger size rock due to the decrease of temperature and intense erosion which often result in very immature soils, especially on the steep slopes
Temperature
According to Richard 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that in the highland tropic, there is a steady decrease in ambient temperature with the increase in altitude. In the tropics, temperature decrease at the rate of 0.4 degree to 0.7 degree celcius per 100 meter increase in altitude. said However it varies with some factors which include the locality, season and air humidity refered to Dale 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994. Above 2500 meter , the rate decreases to 1.2 degree celcius per 300 meter rise. Temperature affects plant due to its influence on their growth processes and distribution.
According to burgess 1975 as cited in zahari haji ismail said that the native mountain plant may die when transferred to the lowlands. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis for such plants are lower than for respiration, as such the highl lowland ambient temperature which wxceeds optimal for photosynthesis, increases respiratiob rate, leading to wet depletion
Rainfall
According to wyatt-smith 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the topography plays an important role in determining the rainfall of an area. According to Richard 1964 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that maximum rainfall in tropical highlands occurs at altitudes where temperature is cold enough to the high mountains.
According to smith 1963 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the rainfall reaches its maximum at the altitudes of 300 meter a.s.l. and betond this it decreases. As cited in Zahari ismail There must been some moisture stress occured on the ridges. Thus it is very difficult to find meranti seraya on the foot of hills due to the occurance of heavy rainfall and lacvk of regular drought.
Light and radiation
According to grubb and hitemore 1969 as cited in zahari haji smail 1994 said that the frequency of fog or cloud in the rainforest is the most vital factor determining the distribution of the formation of vegetation types in the mountains.
The light intensity at 180 meter a.s.l in coastal hill rainforest measured at the forest floor is around 2 percent (whitemore and wong 1969) as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994. While in kand hill forest is measured abaout 10 percent less sunshine than the plains (Burgess 1969). The increasing fog frequency decreases light inthesity, dampens the range of light intensities and generally exerts a moderating influence on the annual variation pattern of light intensity (Brown 1919) as cited in Zahari ismail 1994.
According to robinwith 1951 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the most important use of light by plant is for photosynthesis, and the average actively growing land plant use only about 1 percent of visible emission for photosynthesis.
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that light intensity available in the forest floor around highland rainforest stand is adequate for the growth of herbs.
Humidity
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 mention that the humidity increase with altitude up to the fog belt regions (Burgess, 1969). According to Richard 1964 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the condition on the mountain rain forest, has found the zone of maximum humidity and highly evaporation increases.
Wind
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the amount of air movement affects the rate of evaporation and thus minimizing the temperature in the forest stand (Burgess 1969). Expected an increase in wind speed with elevation (Burgess, 1975). According to smith 1965 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the highly wind speed occurs at the highly altitudes.
According to Richards 1964 as cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the both structure and floristic composition of the highland forests are partly determined by the wind speed and he suggested that wind may be one of the factors that cause the maximum drawfing of the vegetation on isolated peaks and ridges on highland and mountain forest.
Edaphic factors
a. Soil physical condition.
As cited in zahari haji ismail 1994 have written that there is a significantly relationship between plant composition and soil characteristics (Burgess 1975).
According to Richards 1964 as cited in Zahari haji ismail 1994 said that the soil at higher altitudes tend to be very shallow with thicker litter accumulation and contain bigger size rock due to the decrease of temperature and intense erosion which often result in very immature soils, especially on the steep slopes
herb_10.10.2011
Justification
As cited in Meor Ahmad Nizam 2003 said that traditional medicine in malay community are practiced by elders, nmedicine men, rural and native peoples. They are assumed to know about traditional medicine and their medicinal plants. However the common name used to identify plants may differ in different localities. Every district has differences in local and common name.
The unsystematic identification and verification in naming of forest plants used by traditional medicinal practitionars in malay traditional medicine. The medicinal plats are mostly used in rural areas compared in urban areas. Moast of the society where lives in urban areas do not know about medicines plants and traditional medicine. Traditional medicine have a much questionable about its effective, quality and their efficiency compared to modern medicine which have scientific method for preparation and its can get easily in the market such as pharmacy and clinic.
Diseases and illness may be retalted with physical and spiritual. The people beiieved and confident with medicinal practices, which practiced by mu’alij and bomoh.
The malay traditional medicine practitioner depend on their knowledge and memory where continued from their family or generation. People approve the herbs remedial because its have advantages to cured much kind of diseases and illness with the bless by Allah.
1.3.1 Main objective
The main objective of this study is to to gain an insight on herbs in hilly forest stand at bukit tapah lanchang temerloh phg darul makmur
1.3.2 Specific objectives
i. to scientifically identification the herbs in hilly forest at bukit tapah
ii. to classify the medicinal herbs thru taxonomy
ii. and the methods of preparation for herbs usage
2.0 Literature review
As cited in meor ahmad nizam 2003 said that traditional medicine is a science or practice in medicine and healthcare, which has been going on for generation to generation.. It is imparted thru the verbal and written forms as well as, thru the practiced and belief of a community. This science is diveided into two aspect that are sopiritual and empirical. Traditional herbs medicines have evolved in their social and cultural setting through various atages to the rpesent. In some continental regions, traditional medicine has developed into well documentation and formally established system regukarly used by large parts of the populations. In island community, traditional medicines have remain more confined to smaller cultural groups relatively contained within their community and linguistic environments. The herbs medicine also combine with the spell reading of ayatul qur’an with the iman to Allah who will cures the disease, inshaAllah.
2.1 Link between traditional and modern medicine
Actually Traditional and modern medicine share a commong resources. They both utilize plants, animal, microorganism or minerals. These resources may be found either on and or in the sea.
As cited in Haliza 1996 said that the traditional medicine and modern medicine originates resource from similar raw reasources. These may be dried herbs or parts of plants, animals, the extract of which is used in treatments. In traditional medicines, these ingredients are eaten directly or boiled to extract the active chemical compounds in concentrated form. Malaysia the developing country is rich with the natural herbs resources inhabited inside the rain forest stand especially in meranti forest stand.
Traditional and alternative medicines in Malaysia appear to be finding appreciation by some modern practitioner, as they seek to understand their patient’s expectations and treatment seeking behavior. A clinician provides hid own interface with colleagues to determine their assessment of the alternative herbs medicinal treatment services used by country mu’alij who utilize both traditional and modern health care despite professional misgivings. It is clear that patients have their own reasons for doing so.
The explainations for this are provided partly from traditional practices as comformed by scientific research evidences, for example as cited in Azimahtol Hawariah’s 1994 said that the herbs plant derive for medicinal treatment such as the natural anticarcinogen products in the treatment of malignancies.
The production of traditional medical herb products in Malaysia has taken on such vital, clinically and economically that the government has established guidelines for safety pertaining to appealing and challenging with its strong economic and treatment implication. As cited in Nik Aziz 1999 focus on the key issues related to the vital pharmacological aspects in the determination of safe products for producers, sellers and particularly users of the products of traditional preparation.
As cited in Meor Ahmad Nizam 2003 said that traditional medicine in malay community are practiced by elders, nmedicine men, rural and native peoples. They are assumed to know about traditional medicine and their medicinal plants. However the common name used to identify plants may differ in different localities. Every district has differences in local and common name.
The unsystematic identification and verification in naming of forest plants used by traditional medicinal practitionars in malay traditional medicine. The medicinal plats are mostly used in rural areas compared in urban areas. Moast of the society where lives in urban areas do not know about medicines plants and traditional medicine. Traditional medicine have a much questionable about its effective, quality and their efficiency compared to modern medicine which have scientific method for preparation and its can get easily in the market such as pharmacy and clinic.
Diseases and illness may be retalted with physical and spiritual. The people beiieved and confident with medicinal practices, which practiced by mu’alij and bomoh.
The malay traditional medicine practitioner depend on their knowledge and memory where continued from their family or generation. People approve the herbs remedial because its have advantages to cured much kind of diseases and illness with the bless by Allah.
1.3.1 Main objective
The main objective of this study is to to gain an insight on herbs in hilly forest stand at bukit tapah lanchang temerloh phg darul makmur
1.3.2 Specific objectives
i. to scientifically identification the herbs in hilly forest at bukit tapah
ii. to classify the medicinal herbs thru taxonomy
ii. and the methods of preparation for herbs usage
2.0 Literature review
As cited in meor ahmad nizam 2003 said that traditional medicine is a science or practice in medicine and healthcare, which has been going on for generation to generation.. It is imparted thru the verbal and written forms as well as, thru the practiced and belief of a community. This science is diveided into two aspect that are sopiritual and empirical. Traditional herbs medicines have evolved in their social and cultural setting through various atages to the rpesent. In some continental regions, traditional medicine has developed into well documentation and formally established system regukarly used by large parts of the populations. In island community, traditional medicines have remain more confined to smaller cultural groups relatively contained within their community and linguistic environments. The herbs medicine also combine with the spell reading of ayatul qur’an with the iman to Allah who will cures the disease, inshaAllah.
2.1 Link between traditional and modern medicine
Actually Traditional and modern medicine share a commong resources. They both utilize plants, animal, microorganism or minerals. These resources may be found either on and or in the sea.
As cited in Haliza 1996 said that the traditional medicine and modern medicine originates resource from similar raw reasources. These may be dried herbs or parts of plants, animals, the extract of which is used in treatments. In traditional medicines, these ingredients are eaten directly or boiled to extract the active chemical compounds in concentrated form. Malaysia the developing country is rich with the natural herbs resources inhabited inside the rain forest stand especially in meranti forest stand.
Traditional and alternative medicines in Malaysia appear to be finding appreciation by some modern practitioner, as they seek to understand their patient’s expectations and treatment seeking behavior. A clinician provides hid own interface with colleagues to determine their assessment of the alternative herbs medicinal treatment services used by country mu’alij who utilize both traditional and modern health care despite professional misgivings. It is clear that patients have their own reasons for doing so.
The explainations for this are provided partly from traditional practices as comformed by scientific research evidences, for example as cited in Azimahtol Hawariah’s 1994 said that the herbs plant derive for medicinal treatment such as the natural anticarcinogen products in the treatment of malignancies.
The production of traditional medical herb products in Malaysia has taken on such vital, clinically and economically that the government has established guidelines for safety pertaining to appealing and challenging with its strong economic and treatment implication. As cited in Nik Aziz 1999 focus on the key issues related to the vital pharmacological aspects in the determination of safe products for producers, sellers and particularly users of the products of traditional preparation.
Thursday, October 6, 2011
herbs in malazi_7.10.2011
Potential of hebs in Malaysia
Based on data provided by kementerian perisahaan utama mention that hebs and aromatic industry could help encouraging our country’s economy when its market value marked at RM4.5 bilion a years.
Herbs and aromatic industry will becoming a new commodity besides palm oil, rubber and crude oil. Unfortunately five percent of market used by local product because the failure in commercializing the herbs.
As cired in Hairulazim Mahmud 2002 mention that the commodity in this country plat herbs merely for their own use and not for the international market.
For example Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia, Kaci Fatimah Labisia pumila and Pegaga Centella asiatica are among the thousands of hebs or effective medicine in curing various disease. Herbs are widely used in health care for ages until today. All these plants have been growing in our country in healthy and wellness in primary hilly forest stand, is the most suitable climate for herbs ecology.
Tongkat Ali is the herb in family Simarousbacaea, also known as penawar pahit, bedara, Tongkat baginda, pasak bumi (Tongkat Ali Hitam) or Tunjang Bumi according to certain states in Malaysia.
Among the benefits of tongkat Ali is the bitter stock extracted from the skin of its root which could be ised as a tonic for postnatal mothers.
Besides its root extract usefull to anti malaria activities cuse by protozoa, there is a lot of its benefit and the most popular is it could increase men’s sex performance
Kacip Fatimah Labisia pumila is the herbs from family Myrsinaceae. This herbs is easity found in the primary hilly forest stand.
In tradisionally medicine, this herbs is normally boiled and served as a drink to pregnant women to ease the proce3ss of labor; it could also effective as a cure to flatulence, dysentery and problems during period and sex diseases.
Pegaga is the herbs from family Umbelliferae a slender and herbs with long stalked, green kidney-shape leaves.
As cited in Razak Hj lajiz 1996 said that Petai Parkia speciosa is very much favoured by Malaysian especially in the villege people. Despite its pungent smell, it could cure diabetes, heart and kidney disease. Petai is tall and big tree, which normally grows wild in forest. Ginger Zinger officinale is also identified to be used in curing kembung perut and could release gas/ wind in body. Young ginger can be made ulam and could be eaten as ulam or could be made as juice. It could also cure headaches
The Vital of Medicine Herbs Plant
Herbs medicinal plant have the potential to cure disease. These medicinal plant are able to cure, relief, cease and treat the disease.
Thus this herbs plant source widely used in traditional medicine fortunately nowadays it started been used in modern medication and treatment. Many scientist interserted to study on the effectivenees and the potential of medicinal herbs plant in curing disease. May among traditional medicinal practioner believed that tha substances produced by herbs plant almost same with substance produced by human body. Thus human body able to react with the substances with minimal effect.
According to Who Health Organization , almost 70 percent tom90 percent of the world population consumed the herbs mainly from developing and undeveloped country. Consuming the herbs because it is easily obtain and cheaper.
As cited in Latif 1994 said that in Malaysia there is more than 1,230 species of flowered plant been used in traditional treatment.
Based on data provided by kementerian perisahaan utama mention that hebs and aromatic industry could help encouraging our country’s economy when its market value marked at RM4.5 bilion a years.
Herbs and aromatic industry will becoming a new commodity besides palm oil, rubber and crude oil. Unfortunately five percent of market used by local product because the failure in commercializing the herbs.
As cired in Hairulazim Mahmud 2002 mention that the commodity in this country plat herbs merely for their own use and not for the international market.
For example Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia, Kaci Fatimah Labisia pumila and Pegaga Centella asiatica are among the thousands of hebs or effective medicine in curing various disease. Herbs are widely used in health care for ages until today. All these plants have been growing in our country in healthy and wellness in primary hilly forest stand, is the most suitable climate for herbs ecology.
Tongkat Ali is the herb in family Simarousbacaea, also known as penawar pahit, bedara, Tongkat baginda, pasak bumi (Tongkat Ali Hitam) or Tunjang Bumi according to certain states in Malaysia.
Among the benefits of tongkat Ali is the bitter stock extracted from the skin of its root which could be ised as a tonic for postnatal mothers.
Besides its root extract usefull to anti malaria activities cuse by protozoa, there is a lot of its benefit and the most popular is it could increase men’s sex performance
Kacip Fatimah Labisia pumila is the herbs from family Myrsinaceae. This herbs is easity found in the primary hilly forest stand.
In tradisionally medicine, this herbs is normally boiled and served as a drink to pregnant women to ease the proce3ss of labor; it could also effective as a cure to flatulence, dysentery and problems during period and sex diseases.
Pegaga is the herbs from family Umbelliferae a slender and herbs with long stalked, green kidney-shape leaves.
As cited in Razak Hj lajiz 1996 said that Petai Parkia speciosa is very much favoured by Malaysian especially in the villege people. Despite its pungent smell, it could cure diabetes, heart and kidney disease. Petai is tall and big tree, which normally grows wild in forest. Ginger Zinger officinale is also identified to be used in curing kembung perut and could release gas/ wind in body. Young ginger can be made ulam and could be eaten as ulam or could be made as juice. It could also cure headaches
The Vital of Medicine Herbs Plant
Herbs medicinal plant have the potential to cure disease. These medicinal plant are able to cure, relief, cease and treat the disease.
Thus this herbs plant source widely used in traditional medicine fortunately nowadays it started been used in modern medication and treatment. Many scientist interserted to study on the effectivenees and the potential of medicinal herbs plant in curing disease. May among traditional medicinal practioner believed that tha substances produced by herbs plant almost same with substance produced by human body. Thus human body able to react with the substances with minimal effect.
According to Who Health Organization , almost 70 percent tom90 percent of the world population consumed the herbs mainly from developing and undeveloped country. Consuming the herbs because it is easily obtain and cheaper.
As cited in Latif 1994 said that in Malaysia there is more than 1,230 species of flowered plant been used in traditional treatment.
Tabung kemanusian rakyat Falastin
Falastin Tabung Kemanusian untuk rakyat Falastin
Akaun BIMB_bank islam
14069010021298
Akaun BIMB_bank islam
14069010021298
Friday, September 30, 2011
herb_1.10.2011
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of krau reserve
1.2 The Reserve After war
1.3 Change of reserve baondary
1.4 Location of the resrve
1.5 Iklim/climate data from jabatan kaji cuaca
1.6 The terrain around the reserve
1.7 Population and lan used around the reserve
1.8 Soil types
1.9 Flora in the reserve
2.0 Justification f the study
2.1 Objective of the study
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Rain forest
3.2 Biodiversity abundance of flora by using Shannon index
3.3 Rain forest ecosystem
3.4 Productivity from forest resources such as herbs
3.5 Lowland forest
3.6 The important of herbs study in forest stand ecology and distribution aspect
3.7 Forest resources such herbs pertaining to economic growth
4.0 PLOT LOCATION AND DESIGN METHOD
4.1Site study plots sized radius 25 meter each with 75 plots
4.2 Method Design
4.3 The Terrain
4.4 Data analysis
5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Herbs composition and distribution in Bukit Tapah and Bukit Rengit Lanchang Mukim Semantan Temerloh_famili myrticacaea
5.2 The Abundance of herbs in Bukit Tapah and Bukit Rengit using Shannon index
5.3 Herbs distribution
5.4 Forest stand of Dipterokarpacea family forest briefly explaination
5.5 The relation abundance compare with others forest stand
5.6 Ecology aspect that influenced the herbs growth and distribution
5.7 The Suitable Ecosystem for Herbs Growth Wellnes_under canopy of meranti merah and chengal.
5.8 The Economy Aspect Through Productivity of Herbs in Primary Forest Stand
1.0 INTRODUCTON
Herbs study 6000-7000 herbs are determine in the nusantara and Malaysia as cited in Hermani et al 2007
Lowland dipterokarp is the forest from family dipterokarpaceae which growth at > 300 meter above sea level
Hilly dipterokarpap forest is refer to the forest family dipterojarpaceae which growth 300-750 above sea level…
Krau forest reserve was gazetted since 1923. The site study were carried out in the forest stand of Bukit Rengit and Bukit Tapah covering 200 hektar consisting by the group of Meranti Merah , Merbau and Keruing iN family Dipterocarpaceae/ kaum Damar
1.1 History of Krau Forest and Wildlife Reserve in Temerloh District Phg Darul Makmur
Krau forest reserve was gazetted since 1923 with the forest covering of 62395 ha / 623.95 km square and 603kmsquare nowadays after harvesting and Degazetted some of the forest stand here in 1969. Refered to Table 1
1.2 Krau Reserve After War
The reserve was managed by Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negera MERGASTUA (PERHILITAN)
Logging operation in 1969 in the north of the reserve such as Perlok ; eastern and southern of the rerserve.
Eastern boundary of the reserve nowadays become the Felda Jenderak Selatan and southern boundary become the Felda Bukit Damar stake holder. Bukit Damar is 1.5 km far from the reserve.
The implication of Felda stake holder oil palm plantation is the decrease of size of lowland forest stand at the southern boundary
As refered to Milton (1960)The "pencari getah jelutung" for chew gum are also active in around this reserve.
Lowland dipterokarp forest which open for Felda in the almost fertilize soil.
According to steven 1967 mention that the eastern of bukit tapah were logged along side of the krau river.
As cited in Steven 1967 proposed for gazzetting the resrve as Rizab Hidupan Liar Krau in 1960an.
1.5 IKLIM/ CLIMATE
The reserve is located in the dry season of monsoon timur laut because it was located between banjaran timur in eastern and banjaran titiwangsa in the western.
The annually rainfall was 1968mm in temerloh district. The heavy rainfall was in april to june and November. The average suhu is 26.4 darjah celcius annully in 1999 data from Jabatan Kaji Cuaca, Temerloh
Average rainfall in 1986 to 1990 statedthat the month of novemebr is the highest e.i 219.8mm followed by September, 185.0mm; Disember 181.2mm and oktober 178.5 mm
The month of febraury is the lowest which stated 63.7mm. The highest evaporation/ sejatan is occurred in mac with 160.9mm followed by april 153.7mm and febraury 143.3mm
As referred to jabatan kaji cuaca Temerloh mention that the month of November is the lowest in evoparation/sejatan but as the highest rainfall in the reserve
1.5 THE TERRAIN AND VEGETATION IN THE RESERVE
There are 0.5 million hektar the forest stand around the krau forest reserve that managed by forest department…
According to Jabatan Hutan mention that the Jabatan Hutan managed 1.4 million hectare of forest stand such as Hutan Simpan Som. Refered to Table 2/excell
The terrain in this reserve is around 45 meter to 2,108 meter above sea level. The southern boundary and the the middle of this reserve are lowland dipterokarp forest. The upper hilly and mountain forest /the mountain range located in noth western of this reserve are with Gunung Benum the highest terrain.
Bukit Tapah and Bukit Rengit are located in the southern of this reserve. The rivers which flowed through the reserve is Sungai Krau, Sungai Lompat and Sungai Teris which known as anak Sungai Semantan. The reserve is 60,338 hektar after logging operation in 1969. The forest stand covering of 156,607 hactare surround Krau Reserve which known as Hutan Simpan managed by Forest Department of Daerah Raub.
1.6 THE POPULATION AND LAND USE
The reserved was gazetted since 1923 with suirrounding by 156,607 ha of primary forest stand nowadays.
The perimeter of the reserve is 136 km refered to ArcGis 3. Around the reserve are
a. 14.5 percent is plantation such as Felda and for agriculture purposes
b. 267 percent for private plantation
c. 58.65 covered by primary forest stand.
In 2009 there is The Agfro food Industry Sdn Bhd started the plantation operation by planting the nadir fruit such as citrus limau nipis, nangka etc in the southern of the reserve.
There are 12 thousand people live around the rserve. Refered to Banci Penduduk 1980 and 1991 the population of Phg State increase 2.72 percent.
Three mukim around the reserve are mukim Semantan, Kerdau, Jenderak and Gali
1.7 SOIL
The lowland forest of the reseve consist of hornblende granit , sianit, pairoksin granit porphiri dan dioxide. This type of soil is fertilized naturally at the top soil.
North eastern of Gunung Benum consist of batu batan Trias and Lahar gunung berapi until reach to the elevation of 1000 meter above sea level. In Gunung Benum there is granite rock. Also the type of acidic soil in upper hilly forest.
1.8 FLORA IN THE RESERVE
There are 674 species of vegetation were determined in the lowland forest in this reserve. We believed that there are more than 674 species of vegetation grow in the reserve. May be 4000 species with 2400 species of wood trees such as meranti merah group, merbau and keruing.
The highly diversity of flora in the reserve is the indicator that there are a lot of herbs have grown in the forest stand of this reserve.
The herbs such as ungkat Ali, Rempah Gunung, Akar Haji Samad, Pasak Bumi, Medang Sarsi, Tungkat Ali Hitam etc have grown wellness in the forest stand
As cited in Whitmore 1972 classified the forest in Malaysia as
A. lowland dipterokarp forest <300 meter above sealevel;
B. hilly dipterokarp forest 300-750 m;
C. upper hilly dipterokarp forest 750-900; .
D.Teja range mountain forest >1200meter a.s.l ;
E. Mountain forest.
Hopea, Dipterocarpus cornutus, D. baudii, Shorea acuminate and shorea ovalis are the family of dipetrocarpaceae have grown in lowland forest <300 meter a.s.l
which known as lowland forest
The elevation of 750 – 900 meter is hilly forest and 900 meter to 1200 is upper hilly forest. Resak, Meranti, Keruing and Meranti Tembaga, Meranti Seraya etc have grown in the hilly forest.
4.2 DESIGN METHOD
The 75 plots study will set up with radius/jejari 25 meter in Bukit Tapah
So the size of 1962.5 meter persegi for each plot and the study plots will covering the 75 plots sized 147,187.5 meter persegi / 14.71875 ha
LIST 1
Some lists of herbs in Malaysia
1. Adas/ Foeniculum vulgare
2. Bawang merah/Allium cepai
3. Bawang putih/Allium sativum
4. Belimbing buluh/Avverhoa bilimbi
5. Beluntas/ Pluchea indica
6. Bidara uoas/Merremiae mammosa
7. Patawali/Tinospora crispa atau T.rumphii
8. Buah merah/Pandanus conoideus
9. Cili/Piper retrofractum
10. Daun dewa/Gynura pseudochina
11. Daun ungu/Graptophylum pictum
12. Halia/Zingiber officinale
13. Jati belanda/Guazuma ulmifolia
14. Limau nipis/ Citrus aurantifolia
15. Jintan/Coleus amboinicus
16. Kapulaga/Amomum cardamomum
17. Kayu putih/Melaleuca leucadendra
18. Keji beling/Strobilanthes crispus
19. Kemukus/Piper cubeba atau Cubeba officinalis
20. Daun kari/Murrayya paniculata
21. Cekur /Kaempferia galangal
22. Gelenggang/Cassia alata
23. Misai kucing/Orthosiphon aristatus, O.grandiflorus
24. Kunyit/Curcumadomestica atau C.longa
25. Lempuyang/Zingiber amaricans
26. Lengkuas/Alpinia galangal atau Languas galangal
27. Lidah buaya/Aloe vera
28. Mahkota Dewa/Phaleria macrocarpa
29. Mengkudu/Morinda citrifolia
30. Dukung Anak/Phyllanthus niruri
31. Pegaga/Centela asiatica, Hydrocotyle asiatica
32. Peria/Momordica charantia
33. Rozel/Hibiscus sabdariffa
34. Hempedu Bumi/Andrographis paniculata,Justicia paniculata, J.latebrosa
35. Sambung Nyawa/Gynura procumbensi
36. Sembung/Blumea balsamifera
37. Sirih/Piper betle
38. Kemunting cina/Vinca rosea atau Cantharanthus roseus
39. Tempuyung/Sonchus arvensis
40. Temulawak/Curcuma xanthorrhiza
41. Akar Aji Samat /Jakia omata
42. Rempah Gunung
43. Tongkat Ali
44. Pasak Bumi/Tongkat Ali Hitam
45. Medang Sarsi
46. Ubi Jaga
47. Mas Cotek
Table 1
The Changing of gazetted and degazzeted og Krau Reserve
Notis Kawasan No Warta tarikh Undang undang
Warta asal 55,182 ha
136,300acre GN3541 15.6.1923 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta
Semula 53,042 ha
131,000ekar GN5685 4.9.1925 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta
Semula
65,268 ha
252 sq.mile
GN2848 9.6.1939 Enakmen perlindunbgan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta
keluar 1,984 ha
4,900ekar GN102 22.4.1965 Enakmen perlindunbgan binatang dan burung burung liar 1955
Warta
keluar 891 ha
2,200ekar GN39 22.2.1968 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1955
Warta jenut ¼ batu batu dari jenut GN4754 13.11.1925 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta jenut ¼ batu dariJenut GN7079 23.7.1927 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Reference
Meor Ahmad Nizam b. Ahmad Sabri; 2003 Forest Plants Used in Malay Traditional Medicine of Trengganu; Fakulti Hutan UPM Serdang
Hezliyana binti Husin 2003. Soil Characteristics Under Four Different Species at Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve Selangor; Fakulti Hutan Upm Serdang
Maizan binti Abdul Majid 1991. Chemical Constituent of 20 Years Old Meranti Tembaga (Shorea leprosula). Fakulti Hutan UPM Serdang
Zahari bin Haji ismail 1994 moisture stress tolerance of seraya (shorea curtisii) and other selectedhill dipterokarp forestHDF species. Fakulti hutan upm serdang
Mohd Zahari bin Salleh 1994 Soil nutrient and species pattern for selected species in hill dipterokarp forest. Fakulti hutan upm serdang
Hermani dan Mono Rahardjo, Khairun Asikin Alias 2007; Pembiakan Tanaman Herba; Ramuan Tradisional Untuk Kesihatan , Huraian Mengenai 40 Spesis Tanaman Herba Komersial; Penerbit Synergy Media Books dengan kerjasama Penebar Swadaya
Cheppy 2007;Adaptasi Nor Faridah Sharuddin; Atur Huruf Hamzah Ishak; Editor Kamarulzaman Abdullah; Grafik Ezani Imran; S.A Abdul Majeed and Co Sdn Bhd; edisi Bahasa Malaysia; Dicetak Nightingale Printing Sdn Bhd.
1.1 History of krau reserve
1.2 The Reserve After war
1.3 Change of reserve baondary
1.4 Location of the resrve
1.5 Iklim/climate data from jabatan kaji cuaca
1.6 The terrain around the reserve
1.7 Population and lan used around the reserve
1.8 Soil types
1.9 Flora in the reserve
2.0 Justification f the study
2.1 Objective of the study
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Rain forest
3.2 Biodiversity abundance of flora by using Shannon index
3.3 Rain forest ecosystem
3.4 Productivity from forest resources such as herbs
3.5 Lowland forest
3.6 The important of herbs study in forest stand ecology and distribution aspect
3.7 Forest resources such herbs pertaining to economic growth
4.0 PLOT LOCATION AND DESIGN METHOD
4.1Site study plots sized radius 25 meter each with 75 plots
4.2 Method Design
4.3 The Terrain
4.4 Data analysis
5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Herbs composition and distribution in Bukit Tapah and Bukit Rengit Lanchang Mukim Semantan Temerloh_famili myrticacaea
5.2 The Abundance of herbs in Bukit Tapah and Bukit Rengit using Shannon index
5.3 Herbs distribution
5.4 Forest stand of Dipterokarpacea family forest briefly explaination
5.5 The relation abundance compare with others forest stand
5.6 Ecology aspect that influenced the herbs growth and distribution
5.7 The Suitable Ecosystem for Herbs Growth Wellnes_under canopy of meranti merah and chengal.
5.8 The Economy Aspect Through Productivity of Herbs in Primary Forest Stand
1.0 INTRODUCTON
Herbs study 6000-7000 herbs are determine in the nusantara and Malaysia as cited in Hermani et al 2007
Lowland dipterokarp is the forest from family dipterokarpaceae which growth at > 300 meter above sea level
Hilly dipterokarpap forest is refer to the forest family dipterojarpaceae which growth 300-750 above sea level…
Krau forest reserve was gazetted since 1923. The site study were carried out in the forest stand of Bukit Rengit and Bukit Tapah covering 200 hektar consisting by the group of Meranti Merah , Merbau and Keruing iN family Dipterocarpaceae/ kaum Damar
1.1 History of Krau Forest and Wildlife Reserve in Temerloh District Phg Darul Makmur
Krau forest reserve was gazetted since 1923 with the forest covering of 62395 ha / 623.95 km square and 603kmsquare nowadays after harvesting and Degazetted some of the forest stand here in 1969. Refered to Table 1
1.2 Krau Reserve After War
The reserve was managed by Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negera MERGASTUA (PERHILITAN)
Logging operation in 1969 in the north of the reserve such as Perlok ; eastern and southern of the rerserve.
Eastern boundary of the reserve nowadays become the Felda Jenderak Selatan and southern boundary become the Felda Bukit Damar stake holder. Bukit Damar is 1.5 km far from the reserve.
The implication of Felda stake holder oil palm plantation is the decrease of size of lowland forest stand at the southern boundary
As refered to Milton (1960)The "pencari getah jelutung" for chew gum are also active in around this reserve.
Lowland dipterokarp forest which open for Felda in the almost fertilize soil.
According to steven 1967 mention that the eastern of bukit tapah were logged along side of the krau river.
As cited in Steven 1967 proposed for gazzetting the resrve as Rizab Hidupan Liar Krau in 1960an.
1.5 IKLIM/ CLIMATE
The reserve is located in the dry season of monsoon timur laut because it was located between banjaran timur in eastern and banjaran titiwangsa in the western.
The annually rainfall was 1968mm in temerloh district. The heavy rainfall was in april to june and November. The average suhu is 26.4 darjah celcius annully in 1999 data from Jabatan Kaji Cuaca, Temerloh
Average rainfall in 1986 to 1990 statedthat the month of novemebr is the highest e.i 219.8mm followed by September, 185.0mm; Disember 181.2mm and oktober 178.5 mm
The month of febraury is the lowest which stated 63.7mm. The highest evaporation/ sejatan is occurred in mac with 160.9mm followed by april 153.7mm and febraury 143.3mm
As referred to jabatan kaji cuaca Temerloh mention that the month of November is the lowest in evoparation/sejatan but as the highest rainfall in the reserve
1.5 THE TERRAIN AND VEGETATION IN THE RESERVE
There are 0.5 million hektar the forest stand around the krau forest reserve that managed by forest department…
According to Jabatan Hutan mention that the Jabatan Hutan managed 1.4 million hectare of forest stand such as Hutan Simpan Som. Refered to Table 2/excell
The terrain in this reserve is around 45 meter to 2,108 meter above sea level. The southern boundary and the the middle of this reserve are lowland dipterokarp forest. The upper hilly and mountain forest /the mountain range located in noth western of this reserve are with Gunung Benum the highest terrain.
Bukit Tapah and Bukit Rengit are located in the southern of this reserve. The rivers which flowed through the reserve is Sungai Krau, Sungai Lompat and Sungai Teris which known as anak Sungai Semantan. The reserve is 60,338 hektar after logging operation in 1969. The forest stand covering of 156,607 hactare surround Krau Reserve which known as Hutan Simpan managed by Forest Department of Daerah Raub.
1.6 THE POPULATION AND LAND USE
The reserved was gazetted since 1923 with suirrounding by 156,607 ha of primary forest stand nowadays.
The perimeter of the reserve is 136 km refered to ArcGis 3. Around the reserve are
a. 14.5 percent is plantation such as Felda and for agriculture purposes
b. 267 percent for private plantation
c. 58.65 covered by primary forest stand.
In 2009 there is The Agfro food Industry Sdn Bhd started the plantation operation by planting the nadir fruit such as citrus limau nipis, nangka etc in the southern of the reserve.
There are 12 thousand people live around the rserve. Refered to Banci Penduduk 1980 and 1991 the population of Phg State increase 2.72 percent.
Three mukim around the reserve are mukim Semantan, Kerdau, Jenderak and Gali
1.7 SOIL
The lowland forest of the reseve consist of hornblende granit , sianit, pairoksin granit porphiri dan dioxide. This type of soil is fertilized naturally at the top soil.
North eastern of Gunung Benum consist of batu batan Trias and Lahar gunung berapi until reach to the elevation of 1000 meter above sea level. In Gunung Benum there is granite rock. Also the type of acidic soil in upper hilly forest.
1.8 FLORA IN THE RESERVE
There are 674 species of vegetation were determined in the lowland forest in this reserve. We believed that there are more than 674 species of vegetation grow in the reserve. May be 4000 species with 2400 species of wood trees such as meranti merah group, merbau and keruing.
The highly diversity of flora in the reserve is the indicator that there are a lot of herbs have grown in the forest stand of this reserve.
The herbs such as ungkat Ali, Rempah Gunung, Akar Haji Samad, Pasak Bumi, Medang Sarsi, Tungkat Ali Hitam etc have grown wellness in the forest stand
As cited in Whitmore 1972 classified the forest in Malaysia as
A. lowland dipterokarp forest <300 meter above sealevel;
B. hilly dipterokarp forest 300-750 m;
C. upper hilly dipterokarp forest 750-900; .
D.Teja range mountain forest >1200meter a.s.l ;
E. Mountain forest.
Hopea, Dipterocarpus cornutus, D. baudii, Shorea acuminate and shorea ovalis are the family of dipetrocarpaceae have grown in lowland forest <300 meter a.s.l
which known as lowland forest
The elevation of 750 – 900 meter is hilly forest and 900 meter to 1200 is upper hilly forest. Resak, Meranti, Keruing and Meranti Tembaga, Meranti Seraya etc have grown in the hilly forest.
4.2 DESIGN METHOD
The 75 plots study will set up with radius/jejari 25 meter in Bukit Tapah
So the size of 1962.5 meter persegi for each plot and the study plots will covering the 75 plots sized 147,187.5 meter persegi / 14.71875 ha
LIST 1
Some lists of herbs in Malaysia
1. Adas/ Foeniculum vulgare
2. Bawang merah/Allium cepai
3. Bawang putih/Allium sativum
4. Belimbing buluh/Avverhoa bilimbi
5. Beluntas/ Pluchea indica
6. Bidara uoas/Merremiae mammosa
7. Patawali/Tinospora crispa atau T.rumphii
8. Buah merah/Pandanus conoideus
9. Cili/Piper retrofractum
10. Daun dewa/Gynura pseudochina
11. Daun ungu/Graptophylum pictum
12. Halia/Zingiber officinale
13. Jati belanda/Guazuma ulmifolia
14. Limau nipis/ Citrus aurantifolia
15. Jintan/Coleus amboinicus
16. Kapulaga/Amomum cardamomum
17. Kayu putih/Melaleuca leucadendra
18. Keji beling/Strobilanthes crispus
19. Kemukus/Piper cubeba atau Cubeba officinalis
20. Daun kari/Murrayya paniculata
21. Cekur /Kaempferia galangal
22. Gelenggang/Cassia alata
23. Misai kucing/Orthosiphon aristatus, O.grandiflorus
24. Kunyit/Curcumadomestica atau C.longa
25. Lempuyang/Zingiber amaricans
26. Lengkuas/Alpinia galangal atau Languas galangal
27. Lidah buaya/Aloe vera
28. Mahkota Dewa/Phaleria macrocarpa
29. Mengkudu/Morinda citrifolia
30. Dukung Anak/Phyllanthus niruri
31. Pegaga/Centela asiatica, Hydrocotyle asiatica
32. Peria/Momordica charantia
33. Rozel/Hibiscus sabdariffa
34. Hempedu Bumi/Andrographis paniculata,Justicia paniculata, J.latebrosa
35. Sambung Nyawa/Gynura procumbensi
36. Sembung/Blumea balsamifera
37. Sirih/Piper betle
38. Kemunting cina/Vinca rosea atau Cantharanthus roseus
39. Tempuyung/Sonchus arvensis
40. Temulawak/Curcuma xanthorrhiza
41. Akar Aji Samat /Jakia omata
42. Rempah Gunung
43. Tongkat Ali
44. Pasak Bumi/Tongkat Ali Hitam
45. Medang Sarsi
46. Ubi Jaga
47. Mas Cotek
Table 1
The Changing of gazetted and degazzeted og Krau Reserve
Notis Kawasan No Warta tarikh Undang undang
Warta asal 55,182 ha
136,300acre GN3541 15.6.1923 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta
Semula 53,042 ha
131,000ekar GN5685 4.9.1925 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta
Semula
65,268 ha
252 sq.mile
GN2848 9.6.1939 Enakmen perlindunbgan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta
keluar 1,984 ha
4,900ekar GN102 22.4.1965 Enakmen perlindunbgan binatang dan burung burung liar 1955
Warta
keluar 891 ha
2,200ekar GN39 22.2.1968 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1955
Warta jenut ¼ batu batu dari jenut GN4754 13.11.1925 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Warta jenut ¼ batu dariJenut GN7079 23.7.1927 Enakmen perlindungan binatang dan burung burung liar 1921
Reference
Meor Ahmad Nizam b. Ahmad Sabri; 2003 Forest Plants Used in Malay Traditional Medicine of Trengganu; Fakulti Hutan UPM Serdang
Hezliyana binti Husin 2003. Soil Characteristics Under Four Different Species at Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve Selangor; Fakulti Hutan Upm Serdang
Maizan binti Abdul Majid 1991. Chemical Constituent of 20 Years Old Meranti Tembaga (Shorea leprosula). Fakulti Hutan UPM Serdang
Zahari bin Haji ismail 1994 moisture stress tolerance of seraya (shorea curtisii) and other selectedhill dipterokarp forestHDF species. Fakulti hutan upm serdang
Mohd Zahari bin Salleh 1994 Soil nutrient and species pattern for selected species in hill dipterokarp forest. Fakulti hutan upm serdang
Hermani dan Mono Rahardjo, Khairun Asikin Alias 2007; Pembiakan Tanaman Herba; Ramuan Tradisional Untuk Kesihatan , Huraian Mengenai 40 Spesis Tanaman Herba Komersial; Penerbit Synergy Media Books dengan kerjasama Penebar Swadaya
Cheppy 2007;Adaptasi Nor Faridah Sharuddin; Atur Huruf Hamzah Ishak; Editor Kamarulzaman Abdullah; Grafik Ezani Imran; S.A Abdul Majeed and Co Sdn Bhd; edisi Bahasa Malaysia; Dicetak Nightingale Printing Sdn Bhd.
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